Having taught in a wide variety of formats and environments, from corporate training to public schools, ages five and six through ages fifty and sixty, computer programming to English composition, I know that it is impossible for me to teach any one person everything they will ever need to know about any given topic — much less a whole class. There is too much information to impart in a class and the information itself grows and evolves too rapidly to remain relevant for long anyway. Finally, my own experiences have granted me a particular perspective, just like each of my students. In a class filled with students, it is not possible for my message to reach each of them. As a result, I have established a set of goals for students in my courses:
While skills are important, recommended tools and even methods change over time — it is virtually guaranteed that some of the specific skills my students learn from me will be outdated by the following year. However, the concepts and underlying principles are not only more constant, but are also often transferrable to new contexts.
While I use tools and techniques to demonstrate concepts, I endeavour to use tool-agnostic language whenever it is possible. My presentation materials also go to great lengths to maintain this abstraction from the tools and I encourage my students to use whichever tools and methods they are most comfortable with as long as they are able to meet the requirements of the course.
As it is not possible for me to impart all knowledge to my students, I help them to recognize and utilize the resources available to them. These resources primarily take two forms: online media and social.
Most of my courses do not make use of a textbook. Instead, part of my preparations for class include premeditation of web searches targeting the knowledge required. In some cases this includes searches which fail to produce meaningful results followed by talking through my method of evaluating the source. I make it my business to know the resources available to the students and these are also demonstrated where appropriate.
My classes leverage group work wherever appropriate. In addition to leveraging the Vygotskyan (1978) Zone of Proximal Development to induce learning, this causes my students to teach each other as they may not all fully grok the material as presented in class. After all "thoroughly to teach another is the best way to learn for yourself" (Tryon Edwards as cited in Oakley, Felder, Brent & Elhajj, 2004).
As it is claimed that expertise requires 10,000 hours to achieve, it is safe to say that any student of mine will have to practice outside the classroom to reach such a level of proficiency. Therefore part of my task is to encourage further engagement and confidence that they have the skills required to make such engagement a success.
I provide a great deal of actionable feedback to my students on all their projects. In addition to making extensive use of rubrics, I maintain bonus grading categories and actively seek out opportunities to award bonus points to students when they reach beyond what is required of them. This is accompanied by a congratulatory note explaining the reason for the bonus point(s).
Addtitionally, my grading schemes and assignments structures include both major and minor projects which are graded accordingly. The minor projects provide students their first opportunity to get meaningful feedback on their first explorations which they then have the opportunity to improve upon for the major project deliveries. Additionally, major projects are cummulative where possible and students continue to receive credit for successfully practicing their new skills throughout the semester.
Students are encouraged to deviate from requirements if they provide justifications for doing so. If a rationale is provided, I may voice my disagreement (with justifications) and even ask that they make modifications, but their grades will not suffer for the thoughtful exercise of judgement. This helps them to develop confidence in their own judgement as well as a sense of ownership with respect to the assignments.
Frequently througout the course, I ask my students to reflect on what they have achieved in my class and during these discussions I take pains to validate their views even if I also give voice to disagreement.
When a student is able to relate their classroom experiences to existing or anticipated real life circumstances, their motivation to learn increases. Additionally, the likelihood that they will then be able to apply the new knowledge in the anticipated future situation rises.
I go to great lengths to construct authentic projects that accurately reflect the situations for which my students are being prepared. This extends beyond providing projects with definite solutions and enters the realm of design where we sometimes run into roadblocks that force us to double back and try another path.
The more information I can provide about the course and it's contents, the greater my students' ability to anticipate and plan. Additionally, if students know what is expected of them, their stress level is reduced as they are not concerned about nasty surprises.
My grading makes use of rubrics whenever possible and these are posted well in advance of the due date. This leaves little to no room for ambiguity as they have the opportunity to ask me about any requirements that are unclear.
I regularly practice the phrase 'I don't know but I will find out' in anticipation of the days when this is true. Sometimes I will take the opportunity to search for the answer, modeling the skills of self-sufficiency and lifelong learning I aim to foster in them.
Description | Experimental | Lessons Learned | F401 FA10 |
R341 SP11 |
W220 SP11 |
R341 FA11 |
R341 SP12 |
W220 SP12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group projects | No | Group dynamics are difficult to manage and every class runs into at least one group problem. | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Reflection papers | No | These rarely often insight into group function and take a long time to grade adquately. | X | |||||
Regular comparitive self- and peer-assessment | Yes | Provides a window into the workings of the team, but the data only alerts me that something is going on and not what. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Online forums | No | Great means of promoting active preparation for class contents. Students get fatigued as semester progresses. | X | X | ||||
Student forum facilitation | Yes | These engage facilitator students more deeply in the topic. Must include checks on student preparation. | X | X | ||||
Physical warm-up activities related to the content | No | Provides variety and gets students thinking about the content from alternative perspectives. Good for intimidating material. | X | X | ||||
Student critiques of ceer crojects | Yes | Excellent mechanism for reflection. Requires follow-up to reinforce the thinking. | X | |||||
Cummulative project | No | Students feel | X | X | X | X | ||
Rubrics | No | Rubrics allow me to provide a good deal of actionable and contextualized feedback. They also reduce student stress by resolving subjectivity concerns. | ||||||
Bonus points | No | These are a great motivator and mechanism for influencing behavior. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Credit for practice of new skills | Yes | This does reward students for retention rather than cramming, but a lower modifier might be sufficient. It does have the effect of mitigating mistakes they make before they know me and how my classes operate. I have been going with a doubling of points in each class, but maybe 1.5 would be better? | X | X | X | X | X | |
Engineered groups | No | My one crack at fully engineered groups was a failure, but this is only partly due to the groups themselves. The literature offers mixed signals here. | X | |||||
Quasi-engineered groups | Yes | I've had success with this approach, but you must be sure to establish criteria that are realistic (e.g. asking for at leat two different states to be represented in each group is a major challenge at a state school. | X | X | X | |||
Self-formed groups | No | Students tend to band together with others of similar motivation levels. | X | X | ||||
Students were given freedom to decide many parameters of their projects | Yes | This can be frightening, because you have to trust your students to be able to do something productive and useful. The result was more meaningful to them. | X |
Oakley, B. A., Felder, R. M., Brent, R., & Elhajj, I. (2004). Turning student groups into effective teams. Journal of Student Centered Learning, 2(1), 9-34. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.167.6791&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Vygotsky, L.S (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press.